[55] Roughly 350 French legionnaires were killed, wounded, or captured. It also contained a makeshift brothel, which flew in prostitutes from Hanoi to service 15,000 French troops stationed there. O General Giap apresenta uma análise dos combates: Os militares franceses "segundo a sua lógica formal, tinham razão". Mas nós cavámos 45 km de trincheiras e 450 km de sapas de comunicações que, dia após dia, foram roendo os cabeços.". As key positions were overrun, the perimeter contracted, and the air resupply on which the French had placed their hopes became impossible. Cogny: "Of course you will fight to the end. Encurralado em posições defensivas, o estado-maior francês tinha como ordem resirtir enquanto esperava uma eventual "Operação Vautour" que consistia em fazer intervir os bombardeiros B-29. In 1953, the French had begun to strengthen their defenses in the Hanoi delta region to prepare for a series of offensives against Viet Minh staging areas in northwest Vietnam. [32] In another misunderstanding, Cogny envisioned a lightly defended point from which to launch raids; Navarre, however, believed that he intended to build a heavily fortified base capable of withstanding a siege. Sixty years ago, that struggle reached its climax at a broad vale known as Diên Biên Phu. Além disso estava convencido de que "não havia vitória possível do homem branco naquela região". Following a failed attempt to link up, on 18 April, the defenders at Huguette 6 made a daring break out, but only a few managed to make it to French lines. Isso traduzia-se em sessões de autocrítica onde os prisioneiros deviam confessar os crimes cometidos contra o povo vietnamita (reais ou supostos), implorar o perdão, e estar gratos pela "clemência do Tio Ho que lhes deixa a vida salva". They set up fortified towns and outposts in the area, including Lai Châu near the Chinese border to the north,[17] Nà Sản to the west of Hanoi,[18] and the Plain of Jars in northern Laos.[19]. [61], De Castries ordered a counterattack to relieve Gabrielle. A Batalha de Dien Bien Phu (em francês Bataille de Diên Biên Phu, em vietnamita Trận Điện Biên Phủ), travada entre o Việt Minh e o corpo expedicionário francês no Extremo Oriente, de 13 de Março a 7 de Maio de 1954, foi a última batalha da Guerra da Indochina. On 24 March, an event took place which later became a matter of historical debate. The French and the few remaining Tais on Anne-Marie were then forced to withdraw. In the north, most of Beatrice-1 was swiftly conquered by the 141st Regiment's 428th Battalion, but the defenders held out in corner of the position for a time because the attackers thought they had captured the entire strong point when they encountered an internal barbed wire barrier in the dark. Tinham consequentemente muito pouco tempo para a sua missão de combate. Two regiments from the crack 308th Division attacked starting at 20:00. [87] This barrage defeated the first assault wave, but later that night the Viet Minh detonated a mine under Eliane 2, with devastating effect. O seu peso económico não era mais o mesmo. At this point, the morale of the Viet Minh soldiers was greatly lowered due to the massive casualties they had received from heavy French gunfire. O Việt Minh enviará regularmente patrulhas para testar as defesas francesas antes do assalto. Encontre diversos livros em Inglês e Outras Línguas com ótimos preços. Os abrigos, não tendo sido concebidos para resistir a projécteis de grande calibre, foram pulverizados. Os aviões vindos de Hanói (Douglas A-26 Invader e Grumman F6F Hellcat), para mais, eram constrangidos por uma meteorologia caprichosa (monção). [89] By about 18:20, only one French position, strong point Lily, manned by Moroccan soldiers commanded by a French officer, Major Jean Nicholas, had not been overrun. For the Americans, in particular Dulles, this wasn't enough. Estes aviões tinham de fazer mais de 600 km antes de chegar a sobre Dien Bien Phu: estavam no limite da sua reserva de combustível. Dien Bien Phu situa-se estrategicamente numa posição elevada sobre a bacia do alto de Tonquim, no Norte do Vietname.Em novembro de 1953, durante a guerra da Indochina, foi ocupado por milhares de paraquedistas franceses.Devido às condições geográficas do local, os franceses acreditavam ser impossível que o Vietminh não só os detetasse como cercasse e atacasse com êxito. [37] Navarre had previously considered three other approaches to defending Laos: mobile warfare, which was impossible given the terrain in Vietnam; a static defense line stretching to Laos, which was not feasible given the number of troops at Navarre's disposal; or placing troops in the Laotian provincial capitals and supplying them by air, which was unworkable due to the distance from Hanoi to Luang Prabang and Vientiane. Os franceses vão adaptar o conceito juntando-lhe uma artilharia consequente, morteiros, metralhadoras pesadas e uma quantidade enorme de munições. The Viet Minh attempted to retake it on the evening of 12 April, but were pushed back.[78]. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (French: Bataille de Diên Biên Phu pronounced [bataj də djɛn bjɛn fy]; Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ, IPA: [ɗîəˀn ɓīən fû]) was a climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War that took place between 13 March and 7 May 1954. The French, fifty thousand of whom ruled over the colony of 20 million people, grossly underestimated their enemy’s strength and capabilities,… O sucesso de Na-San confortou o Estado-maior, e o General Navarre foi decidido a utilizar a mesma estratégia para o Plano Castor em 1954: fixar as tropas viêts À volta do campo entrincheirado, e esmagar as vagas de assalto. The Viet Minh assault began in earnest on 13 March 1954 with an attack on the northeastern outpost, Béatrice, which was held by the 3rd Battalion, 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade. [117][118] "Nobody is more opposed to intervention than I am". A contra-bateria francesa revela-se ineficaz. [56] The French artillery fired a "TOT" (time on target) mission, so that artillery rounds fired from different positions would strike on target at the same time. [38] Navarre believed that this left only the hedgehog option, which he characterized as "a mediocre solution". Era preciso a qualquer preço encontrar os responsáveis pelo desastre. They spared little thought or concern for the problems of their successors. A succession of commanders – Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Jean Étienne Valluy, Roger Blaizot, Marcel Carpentier, Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, and Raoul Salan – had proven incapable of suppressing the insurrection of the Viet Minh fighting for independence. The garrison was overrun in May after a two-month siege, and most of the French forces surrendered. In late November and early December 1952, Giáp had attacked the French outpost at Nà Sản, which was essentially an "air-land base", a fortified camp supplied only by air. [76], Fighting continued in this manner over the next several nights. The partition was supposed to be temporary, and the two zones were meant to be reunited through national elections in 1956,[107] which were never held. In 1954, French forces in French Indochina sought to cut the Viet Minh's supply lines to Laos. French military forces had committed 10,800 troops, together with yet more reinforcements, totalling nearly 16,000 men, to the defense of a monsoon-affected valley surrounded by heavily-wooded hills and high ground that had not been secured. [109], Before the battle started both British and American missions visited Dien Bien Phu, to complete an assessment and left. Both historians record that Langlais and Marcel Bigeard were known to be on good terms with their commanding officer. [15] Max Hastings stated that "In 2018 Hanoi has still not credibly enumerated its Dien Bien Phu losses, surely a reflection of their immensity."[104]. At times, the French repulsed Viet Minh assaults on their positions while supplies and reinforcements were delivered by air. Der Kommandobunker von Castries ist erhalten geblieben. In May 1953, French Premier René Mayer appointed Henri Navarre, a trusted colleague, to take command of French Union forces in Indochina. The Archbishop of Paris ordered a mass, while radio performances were cancelled and replaced by solemn music, notably Berlioz' Requiem. 11,721 captured (of which 4,436 wounded)[11] 62 aircraft[12] and 10 tanks lost About 100 managed to escape and rejoin the French lines. [64] During this lull, the French suffered from a serious crisis of command. Deste modo a artilharia francesa nunca teve possibilidade de silenciar os canhões Viêt-Minh, tal como os caça-bombardeiros da aéronavale. [40], Operations at Điện Biên Phủ began at 10:35 on 20 November 1953. A sua motivação era ir bater-se "para ajudar os companheiros", "pela honra". At 08:00 the next day, the Algerian battalion fell back, abandoning Gabrielle to the Viet Minh. Além disso, o campo entrincheirado beneficia ainda dos meios aéreos da força aérea (armée de l'air) e da aviação naval (aéronavale). Era relativamente fácil de dirigir os tiros contra a guarnição, visto que as posições viêt-minh eram sobranceiras ao campo entrincheirado. Captured French artillery guns and other military vehicles, including an M24 Chaffee, displayed at the Dien Bien Phu Museum. decree of WWII, under which troops were compelled to advance even in the face of withering enemy fire, and were strictly forbidden to retreat. 3.290 prisioneiros, em 11.721 soldados, regressam vivos a França. First, at Nà Sản, the French commanded most of the high ground with overwhelming artillery support. Tendo tirado os ensinamentos da sua pungente derrota de Na San, Giap beneficiou da ajuda chinesa maciça no plano da artilharia, tanto solo-solo como solo-ar, o que foi de uma importância capital na interdição do apoio aéreo. O essencial do armamento viêt-minh era de fabrico chinês e era encaminhado a partir da China vizinha, do mesmo modo que as munições e os fardamentos. O cerco de Dien Bien Phu tem um fim que é ao mesmo tempo militar e diplomático, para forçar o adversário a negociar numa posição desfavorável. [48] The Viet Minh troops converged on Điện Biên Phủ. Era então um combate corpo-a-corpo, com armas brancas e à granada, que esperava os soldados. Os franceses julgaram o adversário incapaz de utilizar a sua artilharia e não esconderam nem protegeram as suas instalações, destruídas desde as primeiras salvas. Esta foi a batalha mais longa, a mais furiosa, a mais mortífera do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, e um dos pontos culminantes da Guerra Fria. [34] Navarre rejected the criticisms of his proposal and concluded a 17 November conference by declaring that the operation would begin three days later, on 20 November 1953. Iria seguir-se nada mais que uma guerra de desgaste entre um Viêt-Minh numeroso e reabastecido e uma guarnição que não podia permitir-se a mínima perda. (…) Sofri Singapura, Hong-Kong, Tobruk. A surpresa é total no campo francês. The US historian Erik Kirsinger researched the case for more than a year to establish the facts. De um ponto de vista demográfico, não só sempre houve poucos franceses na Indochina, mas ainda a maior parte tinham regressado a França, só tinham ficado alguns milhares de colonos, e algumas empresas, o que contrasta com a situação de antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. In: Outre-mers, tome 93, n°350-351, 1er semestre 2006.Sites et moments de mémoire, sous la direction de Robert Aldrich. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu, which took place in northern Vietnam in 1954, marked a major turning point in both the First Indochina War between France and the Viet Minh independence movement and the general position of European colonial powers in South-East Asia. the last valley dien bien phu and the french defeat in vietnam Dec 08, 2020 Posted By Paulo Coelho Publishing TEXT ID c62bd458 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library franzosen die das ende des franzosischen when french paratroopers landed in the jungle on the border between vietnam and laos the vietnamese quickly isolated the french Dien Bien Phu or DBP has become an acronym or shorthand symbol for defeat of the West by the East, for the triumph of primitive.... Dien Bien Phu resulted in severe political consequences. Depois foram instalados em aldeias santuários, nos confins da fronteira chinesa, fora do alcance do Corpo Expedicionário. At "Isabelle", a similar attempt later the same night saw about 70 troops, out of 1,700 men in the garrison, escape to Laos. Dos franceses, que registaram 2293 mortos e 5 193 feridos na batalha, … Repeated attempts to reinforce the French garrison by parachute drops were made, but had to be carried out by lone planes at irregular times to avoid excessive casualties from Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. O material pesado (artilharia e blindados) é desmontado em Hanói, transportado em peças soltas, e depois remontado à chegada. Para o Viêt-Minh, a batalha de Dien Bien Phu foi uma batalha de artilharia para imobilizar o adversário e privá-lo da logística que abastece as tropas em combate. [57] Navarre wrote that, "Under the influence of Chinese advisers, the Viet Minh commanders had used processes quite different from the classic methods. Desde então têm a impressão de estar completamente cercados. Eden refused, which enraged Dulles; however, Eisenhower relented. Centenas de pessoas responderam ao apelo. Fall Bernard B., « Dien Bien Phu un coin d'enfer », spécial Nam n°45, éditions Atlas, 1989. Uma cortina de nuvens quase permanente no período da monção tornava o acesso aéreo à vista difícil (e os radares de voo quase não existiam). Do mesmo modo, os jornalistas, os observadores estrangeiros, especialmente os militares americanos, não acharam que dizer contra o plano francês. The operation's purpose was to cut off Viet Minh supply lines into the neighboring Kingdom of Laos (a French ally), and draw the Viet Minh into a major confrontation in order to cripple them. Senators and Representatives questioned the US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Arthur W. Radford, about the possibility of US involvement. "[58] Two days later, the French artillery commander, Colonel Charles Piroth, distraught at his inability to silence the well-camouflaged Viet Minh batteries, went into his dugout and committed suicide with a hand grenade. But, only the one in the night is really a bus, if you want travel in the morning only have small bus. Der Film hält zunächst einmal mehr, als sein Titel verspricht, schildert er doch nicht nur die Schlacht von Dien Bien Phu, sondern liefert auch Hintergründe durch Szenen aus dem französischen Kommando in Hanoi und Szenen, welche die Situation insgesamt im Indochina des Frühjahrs 1954 vermitteln. Those two areas were held by five understrength battalions, composed of Frenchmen, Legionnaires, Vietnamese, North Africans, and Tais. O assalto é desencadeado a 13 de Março contra o ponto de apoio Béatrice ocupado pelo 3/13 DBLE (3º batalhão da 13ª meia-brigada da Legião Estrangeira) comandada pelo major Pégot. According to legend, French commander Colonel Christian de Castries named the camps after his nine mistresses. Colonel Louis Berteil, commander of Mobile Group 7 and Navarre's main planner,[21] formulated the hérisson ('hedgehog') concept. Desde então o cordão umbilical que ligava o campo a Hanói estava cortado. Mas nos anos 50, grande número de empresas já tinham partido. [73] The counterattacks allowed the French to retake Dominique 2 and Eliane 1, but the Viet Minh launched their own renewed assault. Dien Bien Phu também parecia ser boa para a logística francesa: o local possuía pista de pouso e ficava relativamente próximo de outras guarnições francesas no Laos. She remained on the ground providing medical services in the field hospital until the surrender. The arrival of the 316th Viet Minh Division prompted Cogny to order the evacuation of the Lai Chau garrison to Điện Biên Phủ, exactly as Giáp had anticipated. As a result, when the battle finally began, the Viet Minh knew exactly where the French artillery pieces were, while the French did not even know how many guns Giáp possessed. [113] Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden refused, but agreed on a collective security arrangement for the region which could be agreed at the Geneva conference. Khe Sanh was much closer to a US supply base (45 km or 28 mi) compared to a French one at Điện Biên Phủ (200 km or 120 mi).[125]. While they did succeed in getting some supplies through, the French suffered heavy casualties, which convinced Langlais to abandon Huguette 6. A guarnição não podia contar com mais do que os contra-ataques de pára-quedistas a pé, a quem não faltava coragem e heroísmo, particularmente os pára-quedistas do Tenente-coronel Marcel Bigeard.

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